1991 1996 2003 2008 2013 2025 now
An exhibition, in one file

A love letter
to <html>

The web's first format is its best one — written off for a decade, now written fluently by every AI agent on earth. Scroll: the page changes its decade as you go.

est. 1991 · thirty-five years young · still no build step

Every format that tried to replace it is a museum piece. Flash is dead. Silverlight is dead. The app you built in 2016 won't compile. The page from 1991 still loads.

This whole exhibition is one HTML file, by the way. View source any time. That's the point.

1991

The first page

A physicist at CERN wants to share documents with other physicists. He invents a format so simple you can learn it in an afternoon, and so durable that his first page still loads today — on every device, in milliseconds. No app store approved it.

Exhibit 01 · info.cern.ch · eighteen tags total · ~2 KB

The average page today is over 2 MB — a thousand times heavier — to do roughly the same thing: show you words you came to read.

1996

~*~ the handmade web ~*~

GeoCities. Guestbooks. Hit counters with too many digits. Every page looked exactly like the person who made it, because the person who made it wrote every tag by hand — and View Source was the most generous classroom ever built.


Exhibit 02 · geocities.com/heartland/4923 · the spirit of <marquee>, alive and scrolling

<marquee> was never in any standard. Browsers still render it today, because removing it would break someone's homepage from 1997. That's the contract HTML keeps: your page stays up.

2003

The same file, infinite faces

The CSS Zen Garden hands designers one fixed HTML file and a dare: make it beautiful without touching it. Hundreds do — each one unrecognizable from the last. Structure and style part ways, and the document underneath never changes.

The Road to Enlightenment

Littering a dark and dreary road lay the past relics of browser-specific tags, incompatible DOMs, and broken CSS support. Today, we must clear the mind of past practices: the same markup, reborn each time the stylesheet changes.

  • The HTML below these pixels is identical in all three.
  • Only the CSS file changes. Click the buttons.
  • That separation is why your page from 2003 still works.
Exhibit 03 · csszengarden.com · same <body>, hundreds of souls

This is the superpower everything else forgot: content that outlives its costume. No rewrite, no migration, no framework upgrade. Just a different dress on the same document.

2008

The format refuses to die

The smart money said the web's future was plugins — Flash for anything alive, Silverlight for anything serious. HTML5 answered with native video, native drawing, and tags that mean something. The plugins are gone. The format that buried them is the one from 1991.

<canvas> <video> <audio> <article> <nav> Flash Silverlight Java applets
Exhibit 04 · the animation above is drawn live by this page · no plugin, no library

Every format that tried to replace HTML needed a runtime, a license, or a corporation to stay alive. HTML only needed a browser — and everything has a browser.

2013

The buried decade

Somewhere along the way, writing HTML by hand became embarrassing. It turned into a compile target — generated by a framework, bundled by a bundler, hydrated by a runtime. We needed fourteen hundred packages to say hello.

terminal webpack.config.js .babelrc tsconfig.json …14 more
Exhibit 05 · node_modules · the heaviest object in the known universe

Nothing against frameworks — apps need them. But somewhere in the decade of toolchains we forgot that a document never did. One file was always enough. It just stopped being cool to say so.

2025

The renaissance

Then something funny happened. The most advanced software ever built — AI agents that can write anything — chose to hand you their work as single HTML files. Self-contained, portable, viewable anywhere. The handmade format came back, made by new hands.

Exhibit 06 · every chat sidebar on earth · billions served daily

The catch: the sidebar is where those pages go to die. Scroll up far enough and this quarter's masterpiece is gone — unversioned, unlinkable, unfindable. Thirty-five years of durability, lost to a chat scrollback.

Exhibit 07 · hands-on

Your turn. Write some.

No compiler, no install, no permission needed. Type on the left; the web happens on the right. This is still how it works — that's the miracle.

you write
the browser renders

The classroom is still open. View Source never closed.

The next chapter

Pages this good deserve to be kept.

Wovo is a library for the HTML your agents make — every page gets a live link, a version history, and a shelf your whole team can search. In fact, the page you're reading is one of them: a single HTML file, deployed with the same command as everything else, badge and all.

npx @gowovo/wovo deploy ./love-letter.html
w Published with Wovo